How Anak Krakatau Ash Puts 3.3 Million Older Indonesians at Risk

September 7, 2026 | 10:38 am

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Around 3.3 million older Indonesians could face health risks from volcanic ash following the eruption of Mount Anak Krakatau, as authorities warn that the fine particles can damage the lungs, irritate the eyes and skin, and worsen chronic illnesses.

The Health Ministry said the figure underscores the scale of the public health challenge as volcanic ash spreads across parts of Indonesia.

"Volcanic ash is different from ordinary dust. Its sharp silica particles can be dangerous to the lungs, eyes, and skin. When mixed with water, the ash can harden like cement, so improper cleaning can actually increase the risk," Imran Pambudi, the ministry's director of health services for vulnerable groups, said in Jakarta on Monday, September 7.

For older people, exposure can trigger respiratory problems including acute respiratory infections, shortness of breath, and flare-ups of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The risks can extend beyond the respiratory system. Volcanic ash exposure may also contribute to higher blood pressure and increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events, including heart attacks and strokes, Imran said.

Why volcanic ash can be dangerous

Unlike ordinary household dust, volcanic ash contains tiny, abrasive particles that can travel deep into the respiratory system and cause inflammation. The particles can aggravate existing chronic conditions, making older people particularly vulnerable.

Volcanic ash can also cause immediate irritation to the eyes and skin. People exposed to it may experience painful or watery eyes, itching, and skin inflammation.

Prolonged exposure may also affect older people's mental well-being. Imran said the stress of sudden evacuation and social isolation could contribute to psychological problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression, while some older people may experience confusion or difficulty concentrating.

The health risks also differ from those associated with smoke from forest and land fires. While wildfire smoke contains carbon, toxic gases, and organic particles, volcanic ash is dominated by fine mineral particles that can cause physical irritation and respiratory inflammation.

Anak Krakatau has been an active volcano for decades. Its most devastating recent event came in 2018, when an eruption caused a tsunami in the Sunda Strait that killed hundreds of people.

The volcano erupted again in September 2026, sending ash toward several areas including Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, and parts of West Java.

How to protect against volcanic ash

The Health Ministry urged residents in affected areas to take precautions, particularly older people and those with existing health conditions.

People should wear N95 or KN95 masks and protective eyewear when ash is present. Homes should also be sealed as much as possible to prevent ash from entering.

Residents cleaning volcanic ash should wet it first rather than sweeping it dry, Imran said. This helps prevent fine particles from becoming airborne and being inhaled.

Families and caregivers should make sure older people have sufficient supplies of their regular medication and monitor them for warning signs.

Health facilities in affected areas have also been urged to prepare oxygen concentrators, medication for respiratory infections, skin ointments, and eye drops, while ensuring medical workers are ready to respond to emergencies and evacuations.

The ministry also warned residents to be careful when cleaning ash from their homes, as the material can damage surfaces as well as pose health risks.

Volcanic ash contains sharp silica particles and can be acidic. When improperly handled, it can damage floors, glass, and vehicles while also posing a risk to the lungs.

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